A subject in the first case is some complement (has the quality of being some complement) in the first case.
Nominative subject--nominative complement--linking verb. Wilson 596.
བུམ་པ་མི་རྟག་པ་ཡིན།
Pots are impermanent.
A subject in the first case exists. Or doesn't.
Nominative subject--verb of existence. Wilson 597.
ནམ་མཁའི་མེད་དོག་མེད།
Sky flowers do not exist.
A subject in the first case exists in/at a qualifier in the seventh case.
Locative qualifier--nominative subject--verb of existence. Wilson 597.
བོད་ལ་རི་ཡོད།
There are mountains in Tibet.
A subject in the first case lives in/at a qualifier in the seventh case.
Nominative subject--locative qualifier--verb of living. Wilson 598.
ཁོང་ཡུལ་དེ་ལ་དུས་དེར་བསྡད།
He lived in that area at that time.
A subject in the first case depends on a qualifier in the seventh case.
Nominative subject--locative qualifier--verb of dependence. Wilson 599.
འབྲས་བུ་རྒྱུ་ལ་བརྟེན།
Effects depend on causes.
A subject in the first case has an attitude or cognitive state about a qualifier in the seventh case.
Nominative subject--locative qualifier--attitude verb. Wilson 599.
སྟོན་པ་ཐབས་ལ་མཁས།
A subject in the first case goes to some place in the second case.
nominative subject--objective qualifier--verb of motion. Wilson 600.
རང་ཉིད་གཅིག་བུ་འཇིག་རྟེན་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་འགྲོ།
One alone goes to the next world.
A subject in the first case does something.
Nominative subject--nominative action verb. Wilson 601.
འཁོར་ལོ་འཁོར།
The wheel turns.
A subject in the first case does something somewhere in the second case.
Nom subject--obj qual--obj complement (identity)--verb. Wilson 601.
གངས་རི་མིག་ཤེས་ལ་སྔོན་པོར་སྣང་།
The snow mountain appears blue to the visual consciousness.
Note: སྔོན་པོར་ is identified by Wilson as “adverbial identity qualifier” instead of complement. Craig Preston explains that the identity (དེ་ཉིད་) is between the snow mountain and blue, not the appearing and blue, making blue a complement to the subject rather than an adverb. This distinction is under investigation.
"The verb གྱུར་ often functions in a way lexically equivalent to the verb ཡིན་ but syntactically similar to the verb ཡོད་.
Linking syntax: A subject in the first case is something in the second case. Wilson 601.
obj identity complement--verb of existence--metaphoric subject
རང་གི་འབྲས་བུར་གྱུར་པའི་ཡོན་ཏན་
the good qualities that are its own effects…
See note above on adverb versus complement.
Nominative subject--verb. Wilson 602.
དེ་གཉིས་ཀ་ཡང་མི་རིགས་སོ།།
Both of these are also incorrect.
Nominative subject--objective complement--verb. Wilson 602.
ཕུང་པོ་ལ་བརྟེན་ནས་བདགས་པའི་གང་ཟག་ཕུང་པོར་མི་རུང་།
The person imputed in dependence on the aggregates is not admissable as an aggregate.
དབང་པོ་གཟུགས་ཅན་པ་ཚད་མར་མི་རུང་།
A physical sense power is not admissable as a prime cognition.
Unstated subject--objective complement--verb. Wilson 602.
གཞན་དུ་ན་ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་མེད་པ་དོན་དམ་མོ་ཞེས་སྨྲ་བར་མི་རིགས་ཏེ།
Otherwise, it would not be correct to say that lack of identity is an ultimate.
A subject in the first case is separated from some qualifier in the fifth case.
Nominative subject--ablative qualifier--verb. Wilson 603.
རང་ཉིད་འཁོར་བ་ལས་ཐར།
[They them]selves are free from cyclic existence.
A subject in the first case is empty of or isolated from something marked by the syntactic particles otherwise used to mark the third case.
Nominative subject--syntactic particle qualifier--verb. Wilson 604.
ཆོས་ཐམས་ཅད་རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་ཡོད་པས་སྟོང་ངོ།།
All phenomena are empty of inherent existence.
A subject in the first case is conjoined with something marked by དང་.
Nominative subject--syntactic particle qualifier--verb. Wilson 605.
ང་རང་མི་སྡུག་པ་དང་ཕྲད་ན།
If we meet with the unpleasant,…
A subject in the first case is separated from something marked by དང་.
Nominative subject--syntactic particle qualifier--verb. Wilson 605.
བློ་དེ་འདྲ་ཆགས་པ་དང་བྲལ།
Such a mind is free of attachment.
An agent in the third case does some action to an object in the first case.
Note: We use agent to refer to subjects of agentive verbs and reserve subject for nominative subjects.
Agentive subject (agent)--nominative object--verb. Wilson 606.
སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱིས་ཆོས་བསྟན།
Buddha taught the dharma.
An agent in the third case does some action to an object in the second case.
agent--objective object--verb
ཁོས་གཟུགས་ལ་བལྟས།
He looked at forms.
Something in the first case is needed for the qualifier in the fourth case.
Note: Wilson uses the specialized verb classes to explain syntax according to the English translation rather than the Tibetan grammar. Thus he calls what looks like a purposive/beneficial (fourth case) qualifier a “fourth case subject.” Craig Preston sees it as more beneficial to call the nominative thing that is needed the nominative subject and the purpose/beneficiary a fourth case qualifier.
མྱུ་གུ་ལ་དགོས།
Sprouts need water. Or: Water is necessary for sprouts.
Same note as above regarding Wilson's choice to reflect the English grammar. The verbs are the same as Class II, this syntax merely reflects an emphasis on a possessor.
དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ་ལ་ཉོན་མངོས་མེད།
Arhats do not have afflictions. (In, or regarding, arhats, afflictions do not exist.)